The research & development by higher education, as percentage of gdp in Turkey currently stands at 0.45%, indicating a decrease of 0.03% (-6.7%) since 2021.
Research & development by higher education, as percentage of GDP in Turkey
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Higher Education R&D as percentage of GDP
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Turkey Higher Education R&D as percentage of GDP between 1990 and 2022
| Period | Higher Education R&D as percentage of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 0.45% | -0.03% |
| 2021 | 0.48% | -0.05% |
| 2020 | 0.53% | +0.02% |
| 2019 | 0.51% | +0.01% |
| 2018 | 0.5% | +0.01% |
| 2017 | 0.5% | +0.02% |
| 2016 | 0.48% | +0.08% |
| 2015 | 0.4% | +0.05% |
| 2014 | 0.35% | +0.01% |
| 2013 | 0.34% | -0.02% |
| 2012 | 0.36% | +0% |
| 2011 | 0.36% | -0% |
| 2010 | 0.37% | -0.02% |
| 2009 | 0.38% | +0.08% |
| 2008 | 0.3% | -0.03% |
| 2007 | 0.33% | +0.05% |
| 2006 | 0.28% | -0.02% |
| 2005 | 0.31% | -0.03% |
| 2004 | 0.34% | +0.03% |
| 2003 | 0.31% | -0.02% |
| 2002 | 0.33% | +0.02% |
| 2001 | 0.31% | +0.03% |
| 2000 | 0.28% | +0.03% |
| 1999 | 0.25% | +0.03% |
| 1998 | 0.22% | +0.02% |
| 1997 | 0.2% | +0% |
| 1996 | 0.2% | +0.01% |
| 1995 | 0.19% | +0.02% |
| 1994 | 0.18% | -0.04% |
| 1993 | 0.22% | -0.03% |
| 1992 | 0.24% | -0.03% |
| 1991 | 0.27% | +0.11% |
| 1990 | 0.16% |