In Turkey, the current research & development by business enterprise, as percentage of gdp is 0.81%, which reflects a decrease of 0.05% (-5.5%) compared to 2021.
Research & development by business enterprise, as percentage of GDP in Turkey
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Business R&D as percentage of GDP
Turkey Business R&D as percentage of GDP between 1990 and 2022
| Period | Business R&D as percentage of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 0.81% | -0.05% |
| 2021 | 0.86% | +0.1% |
| 2020 | 0.76% | +0.02% |
| 2019 | 0.74% | +0.07% |
| 2018 | 0.67% | +0.09% |
| 2017 | 0.59% | +0.03% |
| 2016 | 0.56% | +0.08% |
| 2015 | 0.48% | +0.05% |
| 2014 | 0.43% | +0.04% |
| 2013 | 0.39% | +0.01% |
| 2012 | 0.37% | +0.03% |
| 2011 | 0.34% | +0.01% |
| 2010 | 0.34% | +0.02% |
| 2009 | 0.32% | +0.02% |
| 2008 | 0.3% | +0.02% |
| 2007 | 0.28% | +0.08% |
| 2006 | 0.2% | +0.01% |
| 2005 | 0.19% | +0.07% |
| 2004 | 0.12% | +0.01% |
| 2003 | 0.11% | -0.04% |
| 2002 | 0.15% | -0.03% |
| 2001 | 0.18% | +0.02% |
| 2000 | 0.16% | -0.02% |
| 1999 | 0.17% | +0.06% |
| 1998 | 0.11% | -0% |
| 1997 | 0.12% | +0.03% |
| 1996 | 0.09% | +0.02% |
| 1995 | 0.07% | +0% |
| 1994 | 0.06% | -0.01% |
| 1993 | 0.07% | -0.01% |
| 1992 | 0.09% | +0% |
| 1991 | 0.08% | +0.03% |
| 1990 | 0.05% |